With an arbitral institution
The institution administers proceedings under its rules. A sole arbitrator or a panel decides the dispute. In Russia, institutional status is regulated by statute.
How arbitration works
From written agreement and tribunal formation to the award, enforcement and court supervision.
Stages of arbitration
The course of a dispute
Choose a stage for an explanation linked to a fuller guide and case law.
Written clause and consent
Form, electronic exchanges, scope and separability.
Explore this stageWho hears the dispute
Appointment, independence, impartiality, challenges and replacement.
Explore this stageNotice, submissions and evidence
Parties receive documents and an opportunity to present their case. The applicable rules determine hearings or document-only proceedings.
Explore this stageThe written outcome
The tribunal makes and signs an award within its jurisdiction and sends a copy to each party.
Explore this stageVoluntary or court-assisted compliance
Compulsory recovery requires the prescribed procedure. Overseas enforcement involves the Convention and local law.
Explore this stageReview of setting-aside grounds
A separate application to the competent court, governed by statutory grounds, time limits and review limits.
Explore this stageEnforcement and setting aside are separate procedures after the award. A challenge is not a mandatory stage.
Organising the proceedings
Institutions and ad hoc in detailTwo models
For a particular dispute
The tribunal is formed for an individual case without general institutional administration. Russian law also recognises this model; availability depends on the dispute.
Legal references: Law 382-FZ, Article 1(5) and Article 2(3), (16)–(17). Statutory text ↗
Practical distinctions
Enforcement and evidence
Enforcement in six countries
How Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Moldova distinguish domestic and foreign awards, institutional arbitration and ad hoc proceedings.
Compare enforcement routesCourt assistance with evidence
Eligibility for court-assisted evidence collection and the separate preservation mechanism.
Explore evidence assistanceAll topic guides
What is arbitration?
How arbitration works and how it differs from proceedings in a state court.
Read the guideArbitration agreements: wording and terms
The clause and standalone agreement, writing and notarisation, required terms and educational drafts. A comparison of ten countries.
Read the guideChoosing an arbitrator
Appointment, qualifications, independence and disclosure of relevant circumstances.
Read the guideAd hoc and institutional arbitration
A tribunal formed for a particular dispute and the ongoing administration provided by an institution.
Read the guideWhich disputes are arbitrable?
Why consent must be considered alongside the subject matter and statutory requirements.
Read the guideThe arbitration procedure
From the agreement and tribunal formation to submissions, evidence and the award.
Read the guideThe seat and the hearing venue
The legal home of the arbitration, physical meetings and remote participation.
Read the guideEnforcing an arbitral award in Russia
Voluntary compliance, court review and a writ of execution.
Read the guideForeign arbitral awards
Recognition, enforcement and the importance of the country where recovery is sought.
Read the guideSetting aside and refusal of enforcement
Setting aside, refusal of a domestic writ and refusal of foreign-award recognition: provisions, evidence and court practice.
Read the guideThe international framework of arbitration
The Convention, national legislation and agreed procedural rules: the role of each layer.
Read the guideArbitration in Russia: two laws and two models
Domestic and international commercial arbitration, institutional administration, tribunals and ad hoc proceedings.
Read the guideArbitration in EAEU states and Moldova
Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Moldova separately: statutes, ad hoc proceedings, court review and enforcement.
Read the guideAward enforcement in six countries
How national laws distinguish domestic and foreign awards, institutional and ad hoc arbitration, judicial writs and special enforcement mechanisms.
Read the guideEvidence and court assistance: six countries
Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Moldova: obtaining and preserving evidence, court powers and the significance of the seat.
Read the guideThe European Convention of 1961: agreement, procedure and annulment
When the Convention applies and why setting an award aside does not always prevent enforcement.
Read the guideSanctions and foreign arbitration: Articles 248.1–248.2
Russian court jurisdiction, restraints on foreign proceedings and enforcement are separate questions.
Read the guideArbitration in Armenia: from agreement to execution
Tribunal formation, court assistance, setting aside and domestic, foreign and special institutional execution routes.
Read the guideArbitration in Kyrgyzstan: agreement, review and enforcement
Case-specific and permanent tribunals, court interim relief, special post-2025 annulment and two enforcement routes.
Read the guideArbitration in Belarus: agreement, proceedings and enforcement
Two statutes, the register, domestic ad hoc proceedings, interim relief, setting-aside grounds and obtaining an enforcement document.
Read the guideArbitration in Kazakhstan: from agreement to enforcement
Institutional and ad hoc arbitration, constitution, judicial assistance, annulment and enforcement through Supreme Court guidance.
Read the guideArbitration in Moldova: existing procedures and transition to reform
The 2008 domestic and international regimes, court assistance and case law, with Law 198/2026 separately identified as future legislation.
Read the guideApplicable law: contract, arbitration agreement, procedure and enforcement
Four distinct choice-of-law questions, the English 2025 reform and the contrasting Kabab-Ji decisions.
Read the guideInterim measures: tribunals, courts and emergency relief
Distinguish preservation of assets from evidence, identify the competent decision-maker and assess practical enforceability.
Read the guideConsumer disputes and arbitration
When Russian law permits arbitration of consumer disputes: consent, specific restrictions and Supreme Court practice.
Read the guideArbitral awards: contents and correction
Signatures, reasons, receipt and three distinct post-award requests, under Russian law and compared with other countries.
Read the guideArbitration costs: advances, fees and recovery
Planning, paying and claiming costs under Russian domestic law, international rules and subsequent state-court procedures.
Read the guideTribunal jurisdiction: when and how to object
No agreement, ongoing arbitration or an award already made: distinct Russian court routes and preservation of objections.
Read the guideWho is bound: signatures, assignments and multiple companies
Identify the proper party to an arbitration agreement after assignment, reorganisation or provision of security, and assess the cross-border differences.
Read the guideWhich state court? Six national frameworks
General and economic jurisdiction: ordinary claims, arbitration assistance, setting aside and enforcement.
Read the guideNo guides found.